In all, France has deployed forces to Africa greater than three dozen instances.

These interventions have overwhelmingly involved former French colonies, both in a solo capability within the declared purpose of defending civilians, below bilateral defence agreements or in joint operations alongside African, Western or UN troops.

– Sahel –

In 2013, France launched Operation Serval to drive out jihadist teams who had joined a regional rebel in northern Mali the earlier yr.

Serval was changed in 2014 by a wider anti-jihadist mission, Operation Barkhane, in Chad, Burkina Faso, Mali, Mauritania and Niger.

At its peak Barkhane had 5,100 personnel within the Sahel.

However final yr France fell out with Mali’s ruling junta after it solid nearer ties with the Kremlin.

In February, President Emmanuel Macron declared France would withdraw from Mali and Barkhane’s mission could be reconfigured.

Round 2,500 French personnel will now stay within the Sahel, greater than a thousand of them in Niger, primarily offering air help, the French navy says.

They may play a help function, serving to native armed forces struggle jihadists moderately than act of their place, it says.

– Central African Republic (CAR) –

In 1979 France staged Operation Barracuda throughout which Emperor Jean-Bedel Bokassa, on the time in Libya, was overthrown by French paratroopers.

In 1996-1997 the nation was rocked by three successive mutinies. France launched Operation Almandin to supply safety for foreigners and evacuate 1,600 individuals.

In 2006 and 2007 Paris intervened to help CAR troops combating rebels within the northeast.

In 2013, after the ouster of president Francois Bozize, a bloody civil battle erupted alongside sectarian strains.

France was given a UN go-ahead to ship greater than 1,000 troops to stabilise CAR. The operation, named Sangaris, was wound up in October 2016 after elections.

– Libya –

In 2011, throughout the NATO framework, France launched Operation Harmattan alongside Britain and the US to guard civilians in opposition to the forces of longtime dictator Moamer Kadhafi.

As much as 4,200 French troopers, 40 planes, some 20 choppers and 27 French ships have been concerned. Seven months of airstrikes led to the autumn of the regime.

– Ivory Coast –

In 2002, France launched Operation Licorne (Unicorn) to guard foreigners after the nation plunged into unrest. Licorne was reconfigured as a speedy response power in help of a UN mission.

In 2011, French troops performed a key function in forcing out President Laurent Gbagbo, whose refusal to concede defeat to Alassane Ouattara in elections the earlier yr sparked a battle that claimed a number of thousand lives.

– Chad –

From 1968-1972, French troops helped the federal government struggle rebels within the northern Tibesti area.

In 1983 France launched one other supportive operation, Manta, on the request of President Hissein Habre after a Libyan incursion.

– Zaire (Democratic Republic of Congo) –

In 1978, on the request of the Kinshasa authorities, 600 French and 1,000 Belgian paratroopers landed on Kolwezi to rescue 2,700 European expatriates from rebels in Shaba.

In 2003 an EU peacekeeping power below French command, referred to as Artemis, quelled a long-running feud between the Lendu and Hema communities which claimed tens of hundreds of lives within the east of the nation.

– Comoros –

French troops intervened within the Indian Ocean archipelago in 1989 after the assassination of President Ahmed Abdallah, in a coup led by the infamous French mercenary Bob Denard.

In 1995 France’s Operation Azalee foiled one other coup led by Denard.

– Rwanda –

Underneath Operation Noroit from 1990 to 1993, France despatched as much as 600 troops to northwestern Rwanda following an offensive by Ugandan-based rebels from the primarily Tutsi Rwandan Patriotic Entrance (RPF), now in energy.

In 1994, some 500 French paratroopers evacuated greater than 1,000 French residents and foreigners after the loss of life of Rwanda’s Hutu president Juvenal Habyarimana and the beginning of the genocide which left some 800,000 useless, largely Tutsis.

From June to August 1994 France carried out Operation Turquoise, a navy operation with humanitarian goals.

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