Upstream dams and sand mining have brought on vital erosion alongside the Mekong River in western Laos, in accordance with specialists, devastating riparian communities within the impoverished Southeast Asian nation with excessive waters and highly effective currents.
However residents of these communities say they imagine that different points are responsible.
Brian Eyler, director of the Southeast Asia Program and the Power, Water, and Sustainability Program on the Stimson Middle in Washington, D.C., stated upstream actions had created a “hungry river” phenomenon accountable for the extreme erosion.
“There’s a pure phenomenon known as a ‘hungry river’ the place a river which has been robbed of its sediments seems to be for brand new sediment to fill its course,” he stated. “Sediment is taken out of a river system by upstream dams and sand mining, so when the river goes ‘hungry’ it pulls new sediment into it from river banks by means of erosion processes.”
“Upstream dams in China have eliminated greater than half of the sediment from the Mekong mainstream and now that Laos has constructed about 100 dams, the results are being felt much more severely,” he stated.
If dams have to be constructed, their designs ought to embody sediment flushing mechanisms to permit sediment to cross by means of the construction, Eyler stated.
In the event that they don’t embody the flushing methods, the state of affairs will “worsen and worse as a result of the river will get hungrier and hungrier as time passes,” he added.
Direct influence
The dams are a part of Laos’ formidable plan to change into the “battery of Southeast Asia” and enhance the landlocked nation’s financial system by promoting the generated electrical energy to neighboring international locations like Thailand. However the tasks are controversial due to their environmental influence, displacement of villagers, and monetary and energy demand preparations.
Ian Baird, director of the Middle for Southeast Asia Research on the College of Wisconsin-Madison, stated there are various components accountable for the Mekong River erosion, together with sand dredging and deforestation, although he agreed that the principle trigger is the “hungry water” phenomenon.
“This phenomenon takes place as a result of all of the dams on the Mekong River gather all of the sediment, [and] the water launched from the dams has much less sediment,” he stated. “When the water will get hungrier, it causes erosion alongside the Mekong River financial institution within the area under the dams.”
The erosion has a direct influence on riparian communities, inflicting the collapse of roads, and the washing away of land, forcing Laotians who dwell close to the riverbank to relocate, Baird stated.
“The villagers who used to develop greens like tomatoes and chili peppers within the dry season on the riverbank can’t do this anymore,” he stated. “In the event that they nonetheless need to develop greens, they’ll must develop them on larger floor, to which they’ll must pump the water up. They’ll must pay for electrical energy [to do that].”
Rising greens on larger floor additionally implies that the crops is not going to profit from river sediment that acts as a pure fertilizer, so farmers should purchase fertilizer as nicely, Baird stated.
Many erosion ‘hotspots’
Lao officers level to different potential explanations for the erosion that wipes out homes and land in riparian communities.
In Bokeo province within the northern a part of the nation, a complete village of 300 households was misplaced to the river over the previous 24 years as a consequence of highly effective waves attributable to ship motion, an official from the province’s Pure Assets and Surroundings Division instructed RFA.
“The offender is the massive and heavy ships weighing as much as 100 tons working by means of the river,” he stated. “The ships are the worst enemies of the riverbank. Their robust waves destroy the riverbank. Some waves are a couple of meter (3.3 ft) excessive.”
A minimum of 73 kilometers (45 miles) of the 179 kilometers (111 miles) of Mekong River financial institution in central Laos’ Borikhamxay province is severely eroded, stated Vixay Phoumy, director of the province’s Public Works and Transport Division on the company’s annual assembly on July 7. Solely 21 kilometers (13 miles) of the stretch is protected by retaining partitions.
“We’ve many hotspots in Thaphabath and Borikhan districts the place the erosion is worse,” an official from the province’s Pure Assets and Surroundings Division instructed RFA.
“From our inspection, we all know that the riverbank slides down essentially the most within the wet season,” he stated. “After all, some houses and farmland have been washed away too.”
Farther downstream, robust currents within the Mekong have eroded about 90 kilometers, or practically 50%, of riverbank, in Saravan province, an official of the province’s Pure Assets and Surroundings Division instructed RFA.
‘Our frequent drawback’
The extreme erosion isn’t confined to the Laos aspect of the Mekong River and impacts banks on the Thai aspect as nicely, stated Omboon Thipsuna, secretary-general of the Mekong Group Organizations Community Affiliation, 7 Provinces, Northeastern Area (NCPO) in Thailand.
“The principle trigger is the upstream dams releasing and holding water,” she instructed RFA. “It’s apparent that the sediment has disappeared.”
“The water goes up and down,” she stated. “They [riparian residents] see it tumbling down every single day.”
Thipsuna known as for bilateral talks between Laos and Thailand to discover a resolution to the erosion difficulty.
“It’s our frequent drawback,” she stated.
The Sanakham Dam, a proposed hydropower undertaking on the Mekong mainstream between Xayaburi and Vientiane provinces in Laos will make the erosion worse, she stated, including that water ranges at the moment can go as much as 4 meters (13 meters) excessive each day.
The cash-strapped Lao authorities can solely afford to construct erosion-prevention limitations in a couple of places, leaving the residents of many different areas to cope with the problem on their very own.
“The Mekong River financial institution erosion has been occurring for years, inflicting quite a lot of considerations to our riparian residents,” stated a villager within the city of Paksan, capital of Borikhamxay province. “The erosion has brought on quite a lot of harm yearly. The authorities haven’t stated something [because] they don’t care about this.”
A resident of the Sangthong district of Vientiane famous extreme erosion there as nicely, however stated restricted authorities funding might forestall the erection of an erosion wall.
“The authorities carried out a survey just lately and deliberate to construct a revetment,” he stated. “The issue is that the federal government finances for constructing revetment is proscribed. The plan may be delayed additional.”
Additional research wanted
An official with the Lao Ministry of Pure Assets and Surroundings instructed RFA that the federal government is nicely conscious of the erosion drawback and its influence on land and pure assets.
“The reason for the erosion is sand dredging,” stated the official. “As for the fluctuation of water, it wants extra examine to show whether or not the fluctuation is attributable to dams and/or local weather change.”
In the meantime, the Thai authorities seems to be making extra headway in addressing the problem. It put aside 4 billion baht (U.S. $110 million) to construct limitations in 181 hotspots in eight riparian provinces alongside the Mekong River between 2021 and 2024.
Translated by Max Avary for RFA Lao. Written in English by Roseanne Gerin.